en Railway Transportation Railway Transportation پژوهشي Research <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">This paper presents the design and development of a hybrid power supply system for freight railway wagons, aiming to enhance energy autonomy and reduce maintenance requirements. The system utilizes solar energy and rechargeable batteries as primary power sources. An ESP32 microcontroller serves as the central unit, managing energy resources, battery charging and discharging processes, and protecting the connected loads. Additionally, the design includes voltage regulation circuits, current protection mechanisms, and voltage and current sensing modules to ensure precise monitoring and stable operation of the system. Simulation and experimental results confirm the high reliability of the system under various operating conditions and its ability to provide continuous power to the wagon&#39;s onboard loads.</span></span></span></div> Freight wagon, Solar energy, Smart energy management 13 22 http://ijrare.iust.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-88-23&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Seyed Saeed Fazel 180031947532846002955 180031947532846002955 Yes School of Railway Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran Ali Abasi Nia 180031947532846002956 180031947532846002956 No School of Railway Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran